A 120-Mile Journey Tracing the Civil War's Greatest Adventure
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| Monument to the General in Chattanooga National Cemetary |
I started where it ended, in the rolling hills of the Chattanooga National
Cemetery in Tennessee. There, under a great
bronze statue of the steam locomotive The
General, is a monument to one
of the Civil War's most daring raids, an adventure that came to be known as
"The Great Locomotive Chase."
Around the memorial are the graves of some brave men: James J. Andrews, the civilian spy who
organized the raid, and seven of the Union soldiers he led. Some of them were the first Americans to ever
receive our nation's highest award for valor -- the Medal of Honor.
They also share one other piece of history. All of them were hanged; seven of them were executed
side-by-side from a single scaffold.
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| The graves of the eight executed raiders are side-by-side. |
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| Atlanta and Chattanooga were connected by vital rail links. |
Some background is necessary before the first stop. In the early days of the Civil War,
Chattanooga was an important rail junction that controlled food and supplies
coming from the deep South headed to the Confederate armies in Virginia. Cut the rail lines in Chattanooga, and it
could end the war.
The raid, as conceived by Andrews, called for 22 Ohio soldiers to
dress as civilians and sneak 200 miles behind Confederate lines to Marietta,
Georgia, just a few miles north of Atlanta.
There, they would steal a train and race it north, burning the bridges behind
them. With the railroad destroyed,
Chattanooga would be cut off from Confederate reinforcements by train and
easily captured by a coordinated Union attack advancing from the west under
General Ormsby M. Mitchel.
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| The raiders spent the night in this hotel (far left window, middle row) |
It was a daring, but possible, plan, and Andrews set it in motion. The raiders, traveling in groups of two or
three, made their way incognito in civilian clothes to Marietta and on April
11, 1862, they booked two rooms at the Kennesaw Hotel. This
is where you can join them. The hotel room
that Andrews occupied is now part of the Marietta Museum of History and is made
up much like it would have looked the night Andrews’ Raiders slept there,
complete with a mannequin of Andrews looking out the window on to the tracks
below. It’s hard to imagine, as school
kids move around the room laughing, the tension these 22 men must have
felt. Several of them spoke up and said they
thought the plan was hopeless and doomed to fail. But Andrews was firm, telling
them any man could drop out, but “I will succeed or leave my bones in Dixie.”
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| Andrews looks out the window from the room he stayed in. |
So on the morning of April 12, in a light rain, each man stuck a pistol
in his belt, and boarded the regularly scheduled north bound train. To avoid suspicion, they all bought tickets
to different destinations. The train was
pulled by a 25-ton, eight-wheel wood burning locomotive, The General. At this time,
there were no railroad dining cars, so 12 miles up the line at Big Shanty, the
train came to halt of hissing steam and smoke and all the passengers got off
for a 20 minute breakfast break. You can
follow the raiders to Big Shanty, now the town of Kennesaw, and home to the impressively
named Southern Museum of Civil War and Locomotive History.
There’s a barn full of exhibits here on the war and railroading,
but for our purposes, one thing stands above all. The
General. The gleaming black and red
locomotive was destined to survive the raid, the war and even the burning of Atlanta.
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| The General |
For years, it crossed the country touring at
exhibitions, even appearing at the New York World’s Fair in 1964, before ending
up back here in 1972, 100 yards from the spot where Andrews stole her. It’s an impressive and gorgeous machine. You can get climb above it, around it, and peer
into the cab. From its red "cow catcher" to the great bell smoke
stack and huge five-foot-high red wheels, clearly this engine was built for
speed. It's easy to imagine Andrews in
the cab, clinging to the handrail as the locomotive screamed round the curves,
yelling to the engineers at the height of the chase, "Push her, boys. Push her!"
The museum has put together a thrilling film, using accurate bits from
the 1956 Walt Disney Movie The Great
Locomotive Chase, edited with modern actors and narration to tell a
completely historical tale of what happened next.
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| The General in Kennesaw |
Andrews plotted to steal the train at Big Shanty because it did
not have a telegraph station. When the
other passengers and train crew got off for breakfast, the raiders stayed on
board, uncoupled the passenger cars, climbed into the box cars, snuck into the
engine, released the brake and opened the throttle. With a grinding of steel on steel, they were
on their way, in front of the startled passengers and an entire camp of
Confederate soldiers. A few miles up the
line, they stopped to cut telegraph wires and rip up track. They were now confident that nothing could
catch them from behind and it was clear sailing up ahead.
But the plan soon went wrong.
Rain had delayed Andrews for a day, but the Union attack went ahead on
schedule. Afraid of the approaching
Union army, the Confederates in Chattanooga tried to save supplies by sending
additional trains south, clogging the rail line. Andrews lost several hours in delays. But carrying forged documents and claiming
his train had badly needed ammunition for the “front,” he continually bullied
it past skeptical station agents. They
were just above Adairsville again ripping up track when suddenly the raiders
were startled by a shrill whistle from the south. One of them wrote, "No sound more
unwelcome ever fell on human ears."
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| The Station in Adairsville looks like it did in 1862 |
Pursuit! Unknown to the
raiders, the General's conductor, William R. Fuller, had watched his
train being stolen and started off after it on foot. Since the average speed of a train at that
time was 12 mph, this was not as crazy as it sounds, especially since the north
bound train had to adhere to a schedule that Fuller well knew. The uneven race soon improved as Fuller came
upon a rail push cart and then an old iron works locomotive, the Yonah.
Highway 41, "the Blue and Gray Highway," follows the
route of the 1862 railroad and offers a number of opportunities to visit sites
associated with “the chase.” Free “Great
Locomotive Chase” brochures available at the museum have maps and detail 14
points along the route associated with the race. Dalton
is good stop with a rail depot that was there in 1862, and Adairsville looks much
like it did during the Civil War. The
depot, which was also there in 1862, has some exhibits on the raid, including
two toy train locomotives that chase each other around one side of the building.
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| The Texas has recently been restored and will be returned to the Atlanta History Center |
It was here that Fuller got what he needed most for the chase – his
third locomotive of the day, The Texas, a powerful new engine that
matched the General in speed. The Texas had been heading south, but Fuller
commandeered it, and through sheer force of character and courage, raced the
engine backwards at 70 miles an hour on tracks where the safe speed was 18. With whistles blowing, steel wheels shrieking
on rails and steam billowing, he was able to follow the General in the race across the Georgia countryside.
From Adairsville on, it was indeed a race for life or death. Andrews' men tried everything -- pushing ties
on to the tracks, building barricades, and even throwing the General in
reverse to fling empty boxcars charging back toward the onrushing Confederates,
but seemingly nothing could stop Fuller.
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| The Texas was raced backwards at speeds up to 70 mph |
Or The Texas. This engine also survived the war and for
years was on display at The Cyclorama in Atlanta’s Grant Park, which featured
the world's largest painting – a circular piece of art four stories high and
longer than a football field depicting the Battle of Atlanta. Both the painting and The Texas are now headed to a new and better home in the Atlanta
History Center. The Texas has undergone a complete restoration and was revealed to
the public for the first time in two years at a recent ceremony in April 2017 at
the North Carolina Transportation Museum, where it was restored. In 2017 it
will be unveiled in its new home, under a huge glass canopy at the entrance of
the Atlanta History Museum. Similar to The General,
it is a sleek and economical machine – the fastest thing on earth at the time
of the Chase. Though it only worked for
a few hours on the day of the Chase, The
Texas ran for decades as a working engine, and in its new home it will do a
fine job of interpreting railroading in the period both before and after the
Civil War.
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| You can ride through the same tunnel as the race did on a golf cart |
One of the final and most dramatic moments of the Chase came at
Tunnel Hill. This 1,477-foot- long
tunnel was opened in 1850 and was the longest tunnel in the South. It was the raider’s last chance to win the
race. The Union soldiers wanted to make
a stand and fight it out with pistols at the end of the tunnel, or send The General backwards at full speed through
the tunnel to crash into The Texas. But Andrews was by trade a spy. He had always talked his way out of any dangerous
situation, and he believed their best chance was by breaking up into small
groups and fleeing.
Today, the Western & Atlantic Tunnel has been restored. Closed in 1928, and saved from destruction in
1992, it is a wet, dripping, narrow dark and dank space. But you can travel through it for $6 on a
golf cart tour.
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| The Texas entering the tunnel. |
Along the roof, you can
see where 20th Century rail cars were too high and scraped the rock,
necessitating a new tunnel. When The Texas arrived at the edge of the dark
tunnel, it was filled with smoke from The
General and the other Confederates with Fuller baulked at entering what
they were sure was a Union death trap.
But Fuller, riding on the tender, forced them through. When they emerged from the tunnel back in daylight
and could see The General ahead,
Fuller could tell by its pale smoke that she was low on fuel and water and nearly
finished.
And indeed they were. Just
a short way past Ringgold, with all 22 Union men riding on the locomotive and
tender, out of fuel and the Confederates in sight, Andrews gave his last order:
“jump off and scatter, every man for himself.”
There is a historic marker at the lonely spot on a straight track where
the chase ended.
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| Historic marker in Atlanta near Andrews hanging site |
Within a week, Andrews and all 21 of his men were captured. Caught out of uniform, they were considered
spies and he and seven men selected at random were tried, convicted and hanged
in Atlanta. The rest, fearing a similar
fate, staged a desperate escape. Eight
made it back to Union lines; the other six were captured again and eventually
exchanged.
In the end, the failure of the raid led to two years of fighting
before Chattanooga finally fell to Union hands.
In all, more than 47,000 young men were killed or horribly wounded in
these battles -- men who might have been spared had Andrews succeeded. Today, many thousands of them lay in the
rolling grass slopes of the Chattanooga National Cemetery, surrounding Andrews
and his men.
When the United States created a new medal to honor outstanding
bravery, it was decided to present the very first ones to Andrews'
Raiders. Secretary of War Stanton pinned
them on the survivors himself.
Ironically, one of the raiders not honored was Andrews. As a
civilian, he did not qualify. His medal
is the judgement of history.
Georgia's Bloody Ground
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| Site of a major attack at Chickamauga |
Few areas in North America have experienced as much violent
conflict as the 120-mile stretch between Chattanooga and Atlanta. The battles for Chattanooga and the Battle
for Atlanta stretched back and forth over this land from 1862-1864 in some of
the Civil War's most savage and confused fighting. Several of the war's best preserved battlefields
are just a few minutes drive from the route of the Great Locomotive Chase. The Blue & Gray Trail www.georgiabluegraytrail.org
lists 74 historic sites. Among them:
Chickamauga National Military Park: Located just south of Chattanooga,
the fields and woods of this battlefield were filled with smoke on Sept. 19-20,
1863, when
66,000 Confederates defeated and almost destroyed a Union army of
58,000. Casualties were among the
highest in the war with 34,000 men falling.
This was the first battlefield preserved in United States and is the
largest. An excellent museum sets the
stage, while an observation tower overlooks and explains the entire strategy of
the conflict. Highlights include
Snodgrass Hill, where General Thomas, "The Rock of Chickamauga,"
fought a rear-guard action that saved the Union Army and perhaps the war. The park also features one of the largest and
best Civil War bookstores.
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| Lookout Mountain |
Point Park and Lookout Mountain:
Part of the Chattanooga National Military Park, this battlefield
has a gorgeous view of the Tennessee River.
From a tower, it is possible to understand the geographic difficulties
that Gen. Ulysses S. Grant faced in trying to dislodge the Southern army from
the hills around the town. The November
1863 campaign was one of Grant's most brilliant and set the stage for the
Battle of Atlanta.
Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park: Located 10 minutes from the site
where The General was stolen at Big Shanty, this beautiful park
preserves just one of the dozens of areas that saw heavy fighting in the Battle
for Atlanta. Here in July 1864, General Sherman
threw wave after wave of blue-coated troops in hopeless assaults against strong
Confederate lines. The panoramic
sweeping views from the mountain stretch to Atlanta and beyond. A museum attempts to explain the confusing
campaign, but to truly understand it, head to the Atlanta History Museum.
If You Go:
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| The gorgeous hotel is in the center of Midtown Atlanta |
The place to stay in Atlanta is the Georgian Terrace Hotel, Atlanta’s
old grand dame. Located across the
street from the restored Fox Theatre, the elegant and beautiful hotel opened in
1911 and has hosted everyone from presidents
to rock stars. It is just down the
street from the home were Margaret Mitchell wrote the ultimate Civil War novel,
“Gone With the Wind,” and it is where Clark Gable and most of the cast stayed
for the premiere of the film in 1939. Ironically, it is also within a pistol
shot of Third and Juniper, the obscure corner in midtown Atlanta were James J.
Andrews was hanged. There’s a historic
marker, slowly being overgrown by bushes, to mark the spot.
The Marietta Museum of History is housed in the old Kennesaw
hotel, where Andrews' Raiders spent the night before stealing
The General. They have restored Andrews’ room as it might
have appeared and have good exhibits on the raid.
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| Pretty Chattanooga and the Tennessee River |
The Southern Museum of the Civil War and Locomotive History
originally opened on
April 12, 1972, exactly 110 years to the day that Andrews and his men stole The General,
100 yards from this site. The museum is
the permanent home of the locomotive The General, and contains hundreds
of artifacts connected to Great Locomotive Chase, as well as an 18-minute video
and a full documentation on the role that railroads played in the war. Kennesaw is a historic town; a free walking
tour brochure available at the museum points out 32 historic sites. Don't miss Wildman's Civil War & Relic Shop, the "Best
Little War Store in Kennesaw, as it bills itself, directly across the street. Possibly the most politically incorrect
museum you’ll ever see, it’s still a “don’t miss” one-of-a-kind attraction.
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| The Texas will be in a new space in the History Atlanta Center |
The Atlanta History Center is magnificent and worth a half
day. There are gardens, historic homes,
an excellent strategic interpretation of the Civil War and the importance of
Atlanta, and this will be the new home of The
Texas, and the world’s largest painting.
Tunnel Hill Heritage Center & Museum is a hoot. The museum has exhibits on
the raid, the tunnel, and the later Civil War battle fought here. But the highlight is riding a nine-passenger
golf cart through the actual tunnel.
Once you see the landscape, you can understand why Andrews baulked at
fighting a battle here. There was little
cover, and the raiders could see that the Confederates riding The Texas
had long range rifles, whereas the raiders were armed only with pistols.
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| Atlanta has become amazing and makes a good base for following the chase. |
Open every day. There are
33,000 men buried here, including 12,000 from the Civil War. A memorial with a bronze statue of the
locomotive The General honors the Great Locomotive Chase. James J. Andrews and the seven raiders who
were executed are buried here in a small semi-circle around the monument.
ATLANTA: Atlanta has been transformed in recent years into a world class tourist destination. The best deal is CityPASS which saves you money and time and gets you into all the city's top attractions including the aquarium, Civil Rights Museum, CNN and more.
BEFORE YOU GO: The 1956
Walt Disney movie, "The Great Locomotive Chase," is surprisingly
accurate and gives a good look at Civil War locomotives in action.
